In reprimanding Alexei, Peter apparently hoped to scare him straight. (Credit: Fine Art Images/Heritage Images/Getty Images) The abdication of tsarevich Alexei of Russia.
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The father-son relationship cracked for good in October 1715, when Peter penned Alexei a letter bemoaning his lack of military prowess and threatening to deprive him “of the succession as one may cut off a useless member.” Peter added that he would rather pass the crown “to a worthy stranger than to my own unworthy son.” Bookish, timid and far less physically imposing than Peter, the tsarevich constantly complained of ill health and is said to have once purposely injured his hand rather than submit to one of his father’s demands. Meanwhile, still sore over his mother’s banishment, Alexei did not attend the 1712 wedding of Peter and his second wife, Catherine. She died of postpartum complications following the birth of their second child in 1715, by which time Alexei had begun an extramarital affair with a serf, Afrosina Fedorova. Though relatively pleased with her husband at first, Charlotte soon found herself lonely and isolated, complaining in letters of Alexei’s emotional unavailability and excessive drinking. That began to change around 1711, when Peter married the tsarevich off to a German princess named Charlotte. “We don’t have from those years the sense that there is a problem” between Alexei and Peter, Bushkovitch says. Instead, Alexei was surrounded by a Moscow entourage that believed in “less westernization and a bigger role for the Orthodox Church and the aristocracy,” explains Paul Bushkovitch, a history professor at Yale University and author of Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power, 1671-1725.Īs a teenager, Alexei was put to work “essentially in the logistics department of Peter’s army,” Bushkovitch says, where his tasks included “collecting food and recruits and sending them to the appropriate places.” He was also nominally charged with the defense of Moscow during Sweden’s failed invasion of Russia in 1708.
Like many children of European monarchs, Alexei didn’t often see his father, who spent much of his reign away fighting the Ottomans and Swedes and traveling around Western Europe. Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia, son of Peter the Great. From then on, Alexei was raised largely by his aunts, though he also received Enlightenment-era tutoring in foreign languages and mathematics and studied abroad in present-day Germany. In 1698, when Alexei was eight years old, Peter left her and forced her into a convent. Alexei’s mother, Eudoxia, was both pious and conservative, and her marriage to Peter proved rocky. Much to Peter’s chagrin, however, his eldest son and heir apparent, the tsarevich Alexei, grew up thinking differently. “Peter ended up…rebelling almost completely against Muscovite political culture,” says Jonathan Daly, a professor of Russian history at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Petersburg and then moved the capital there from Moscow. On land conquered from Sweden, his main antagonist, he established the city of St.
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Peter even instituted a tax on beards as part of his efforts to make Russians look and act more like Western Europeans.Īt the same time, Peter built Russia’s first real navy, updated the army and won a series of military victories.
During his time as czar, from 1682 until his death in 1725, he implemented a variety of reforms that included revamping the Russian calendar and alphabet and reducing the Orthodox Church’s autonomy. Peter I, better known as Peter the Great, is generally credited with bringing Russia into the modern age. But even those royals might have been aghast at the actions of Russian czar Peter the Great, who in 1718 had his eldest son tortured to death for allegedly conspiring against him. And Atahualpa, the last Inca emperor, ordered the execution of his half-brother from a Spanish prison. Cleopatra engineered the murder of two siblings (one of whom was also her husband). England’s Henry VIII, for example, beheaded two wives and several cousins. Many monarchs throughout history have killed family members.
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